gTLD	Full Legal Name	E-mail suffix	Detail
.eus	Puntueus Fundazioa	puntueus.org	View

The Basque linguistic and cultural community owns an strong identity based on a very wide historical, linguistic, cultural, social and political background. Euskara is the language of the Basque linguistic and cultural community, the base of its community, and Basque culture, its social expression.
Further, Euskara is the only pre-Roman language still alive in the Iberian Peninsula. Many linguists all over the world have struggled to track its real origin but no conclusion has gained a broad consensus so far, and, nowadays, Euskara is still considered an isolated language. Nevertheless, in spite of being a minority language with very specific characteristics, Euskara and its speakers have historically shown an strong commitment to adapt to the times and new challenges. In this sense, in contrast to its status as a minority language, the presence of Euskara obtained a very remarkable position number 38 in the ranking of languages on the Internet in 2003, according to studies carried out by Peter Gerrand. Vid. Gerrand, P. (2007). Estimating linguistic diversity on the Internet: A taxonomy to avoid pitfalls and paradoxes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), article 8.
The social expression of Euskara, through the Basque culture, has shown traditionally many forms. From the first book in Euskara published in 1545 ( ʹLinguae Vasconum Primitiaeʹ of Bernart Etxepare) to the literature in Euskara, the ʹbertsolaritzaʹ, Basque dances, Basque music or many other social expressions, Euskara has had an extensive way throughout history, so significant as innovative.
The Internet allows to create communities with different purposes. Thus, this fact opens the door to that social expression, in our case the Basque culture. However, although the contents on the Internet are becoming increasingly diverse, no doubt, language remains the main tool of communication on the Internet.
In this sense, on the Internet, multiculturalism lies at the highest possible level and, in such multicultural melting pot, the Basque linguistic and cultural community should have its own technological shelter. Therefore, .eus is the name that will represent the Basque linguistic and cultural community on the Internet.
This symbol will become a tool for the promotion of Basque culture and Euskara, and, in this sense, the .eus TLD will be an effective mechanism for linguistic standardization of Euskara worldwide. The .eus TLD, through the virtual space of the Internet, will assure an efficient promotion of Euskara, guaranteeing simultaneously its international recognition.
Similarly, the .eus TLD will reinforce and extend the multicultural nature of the Internet, since allowing linguistic and cultural communities to have their own doTLDmain, puts multiculturalism on the very heart of the Internet. TLD related to language and cultures strengthen and benefit not only those linguistic and cultural communities but also the Internet itself.
So that, in a few words: the objective of the .eus TLD is to assign a name, a symbol, to the presence of the Basque Language and Culture on the Internet, creating such a name for the Basque Culture Community on the Internet, in a feedback process that reinforces the Basque linguistic and cultural community.

c) i. Intended registrants in the TLD.

The intended registrants of the TLD could be differentiated in three main different groups: Individuals and entities with online activity living in those areas where Basque is an autoctonous language; the communities of the diaspora and the societies where they have been formed; and those willing to address and engage in online communications with the Basque linguistic and cultural community.

c) ii. Intended end-users of the TLD. 

The intended end-users are as varied as the people with a certain interest in the Basque linguistic and cultural community. But for taxonomy purposes, four main  targets could be identified: The general public living in those areas where Basque originated; the communities of the diaspora and the societies where they have been formed; the academic interest in the Basque language and culture; and those willing to be informed about the different aspects related to the Basque language and culture

c) iii. Related activities the applicant has carried out or intends to carry out in service of this purpose. 

All the activities developed so far by the Puntueus Elkartea have been focused on raising awareness in regard to the development of the .eus TLD space, and in gathering the support of representative Institutions from any sector of the Basque linguistic and cultural community. The explicit and decided support from a very significant part of  the representative entities of the community is proof enough of how these two objectives have been met, as well as of the overwhelming endorsement from the Basque community. 
The activities of the Puntueus Fundazioa from the delegation of the TLD onwards will be twofold: To foster the development of the .eus TLD space for the benefit of the Basque linguistic and cultural community, and to promote the development of the Basque linguistic and cultural information society, being both objectives clearly hand in hand with each other. 

c) iv. Explanation of how the purpose is of a lasting nature.

The purpose of the .eus TLD is indeed of a lasting nature. The name, as referred in 18 and in 20 b) and d), is a long established and widely used contraction of the name of the Basque language and of its linguistic and cultural community, that has had a centuries’ longstanding existence and continued presence, and a firm and vibrant community.

gTLD	Full Legal Name	E-mail suffix	Detail
.pars	Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.	agitsys.com	View

• Intended registrants in the TLD.

The .PARS gTLD is intended for Members of the Persian Community who live in one of the countries: Iran, Georgia, Turkey, Armenia, the Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; people who wish to promote, participate in or learn about Persian heritage, language and culture and who use it in any way in their daily lives. Equally, many companies worldwide use the word “Pars” or some derivation of Persian in their business names or even second-level domain – and thus the .PARS gTLD will benefit their internet presence, offering expansion for those already online and opportunities for those who are not.

• Intended end-users of the TLD.


Persians can be found in Iran, Georgia, Turkey, Armenia, the Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Northern Pakistan. Sizable Persian communities can also be found across North America in large cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, Denver, Ottawa and Toronto. It is estimated that as many as 1,560,000 Persian-speaking individuals live in the United States alone. Other major concentrations of Persian immigrants include Turkey (800,000), U.A.E. & Bahrain (560,000), Iraq (250,000), Germany (110,000), UK (80,000), Canada (75,000), France (62,000), India (60,000), Australia (60,000), CIS (50,000), Israel (50,000), Lebanon (50,000), Philippines, Korea & Japan (50,000), Russia & Other Former Soviet Union countries (50,000), Syria (50,000), Pakistan (40,000), Egypt & North Africa (20,000), Greece (20,000), Kuwait (20,000), Austria (15,000), Spain & Portugal (15,000) and Sweden (15,000).Many of these Persian communities are served by Persian-script newspapers and periodicals, but the readers of those publications would welcome greater connection to their fellow citizens online through .PARS sites. The .PARS gTLD will also serve as a reminder of their glorious ancient homeland.
Within all of these populations, the intended end users of the .PARS gTLD are manifold:
Persian-language speakers with ties to the Persian heritage: This would include a significant percentage of the population of Persian Community along with other nations.
Persian-language native speakers: As demonstrated above, this includes millions of individuals in Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan as well as other continents.
Persian-language students: Those learning Persian as a foreign language would benefit from increased resources online that would help them learn and grow in their new language.
Persian businesses: Tens of thousands of entities hold the word “PARS” as part of their legal trading name, where it is needed to indicate their origin. Businessmen have chosen the word “PARS” as a symbol of honor and glory, and as an indication that they belong to the Persian community, leaving aside the simple popularity of the word. The word “PARS” is thus already used widely among Persian websites. A simple search for the word “PARS” limited to just “Persian language websites” and “in the page title” results more than 50,000,000 web pages, clearly indicating this popularity: http:⁄⁄goo.gl⁄bG3VF

A list of the regional and social varieties of modern Persian include;

Western variant (Farsi)
Eastern variant (Dari)
Central Asian variant (Tajik)
Hazara dialects (Hazaragi)
Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi)
Judeo-Tajik (Bukhori)

It is hoped that not only will these intended users derive individual benefit from the existence of a .PARS community, but that they will also contribute in turn. This should create a group benefit, which will in turn feed back in to individual benefits – establishing a beneficial cycle.


• Related activities the applicant has carried out or intends to carry out in service of this purpose.

Anticipating the diversification of TLDs now being realized, and the consequent introduction of a Persian culture-specific online space, AGITSys has been working with a wide variety of related parties for several years in preparation, and will continue to do so going forward. A key element to the success of the .PARS gTLD is a strong and interactive community, which Persians around the world are proud to associate with and keen to contribute to. In order to ensure this, AGITSys will engage in and sponsor community outreach and marketing, in order to raise awareness of the forthcoming possibilities and to gather input for how the .PARS gTLD will take shape, and what they intend to subsequently give back to it. Launching the .PARS gTLD in concert with the desires of the community will be key to its success.
Quality content will also be fundamental to a thriving .PARS community, especially because AGITSys is committed to ensuring that .PARS is populated by quality second-level domain offerings. With this in mind, AGITSys will be talking with those most likely to contribute quality content, from news and media agencies to academics and libraries (who will be able to digitize Persian-script materials and then distribute them online comprehensively for the first time) about how they can and will contribute, and what AGITSys can do to facilitate this process.
Ultimately, however, culture and history will always be the most important element for a successful .PARS community online. The entire gTLD concept is designed as a place of online respect and reverence for those of Persian heritage to appreciate it – and appreciate their association with this heritage. As such, the involvement, blessing and feedback of the Persian cultural, political and religious community is fundamentally important. Aware of this, AGITSys has been in prolonged and continued contact with important Persian figures around the globe– asking them what they want to see and how they would like to see it done, whilst also encouraging them to spread the word and prepare themselves. This should mean that when the .PARS gTLD comes online, there will be a large swathe of information posted almost immediately – therefore instantly creating a rewarding user experience.

• Explanation of how the purpose is of a lasting nature.

The community that will be served by .PARS--growing as it has out of the Persian people and the Persian alphabet--has thrived and grown for more than a millennium. Remarkably, it has done so largely without the level of connection online found with English-speaking cultures. This existing community interconnection speaks to the cultural staying power of the community and the many ways it enriches world culture.
With the adoption of a .PARS community, this robust group will be further empowered to interconnect and grow, allowing it to take its equal place on the Internet stage. The community thrives now, but will reach new heights with a .PARS gTLD.
The growth of the .PARS gTLD will be driven by what economists refer to as the network effect. A network effect occurs when a service becomes more popular as more individuals adopt it. A significant portion of the serviceʹs value stems directly from the increased adoption and usage of the service.

As more sites offer information, services, and opportunities for interconnection to the .PARS community as a whole, more members of the community will navigate to those sites. Many of those will provide their own content, and their activity there will spark further growth of second-level .PARS domains. At some point, information and service providers currently not offering sites in Persian will see the demand for .PARS-related content and will migrate their offerings to .PARS sites as well, furthering the offerings to the community and further driving community members to .PARS sites. The future benefits of interlinking this diverse and global community are incalculable but immense.